### helpme file of Michael Somos <somos@grail.cba.csuohio.edu> 09Mar1999 00:15
### using Linux on grail with csh shell unless otherwise noted ###
use "help" to view matching lines of this helpful UNIX information file
use "man" to read complete online manual entry for a command or subroutine
use "man -k" to look for any matching keywords from online manual commands
use "man ascii" to view the ASCII character set
use "whereis" to locate the binary, source, help, and manual page of commands
use "which" to view the complete path to commands or definition of aliases
use "ls" to view list of files in directories
use "ls -Al" to view detailed list of all files in directories
use "find" to find files matching search argument (subdirectory search)
use "file" to view English description of probable type of files
use "more" to view text files one page at a time
use "page" to view text file one page at a time, full screen mode
use "pg" to view text file one page at a time, full screen mode
use "less" to view text file one page at a time, full screen mode, visible
use "view" to view text file using "vi" visual editor read only (:q!^M exits)
use "cat" to output files to standard output stream (and concatenate)
use "cat -v" to output files to standard output (control characters visible)
use "head" to view first few lines of files
use "tail" to view last few lines of a file
use "pr" to paginate and format file for printing
use "lpr" to print a text file on the default printer
use "lpr -Phplj5" to print a text or PostScript file on the laserjet printer
use "lpq" to find printer status and print requests of default printer
use "ex" to edit a text file using simple line editor commands (q!^M exits)
use "vi" to edit a text file using visual editor commands (:q!^M exits)
use "pico" to edit a text file using full screen with menus (^X exits)
use "emacs" to edit a file and do lots of other stuff (^X^C exits)
use "ed" to edit a text file using a small terse line editor
use "xedit" to edit a text file using X window
use "spell" to find spelling errors in a text file
use "rm" to remove, delete, or erase files to free up disk space
use "cd" to change default (working) directory. (goto a directory)
use "mv" to move files and directories, also does rename or overwrite
use "cp" to create a copy of a file or directory subtree
use "dd" to create a copy of a file with conversion or raw disk access
use "grep" to find and view matching lines of information in files
use "wc" to give size of (count) lines, words, and characters in files
use "nl" to number lines in a file or standard input
use "sort" to sort, reorder or rearrange files in various ways
use "uniq" to identify repeated adjacent lines in file (eliminate duplicates)
use "mkdir" to make or create directories
use "rmdir" to remove or delete empty directories
use "chmod" to change file or directory read, write, or execute permission flags
use "chmod +x" to set execute permission for shell script or binary files
use "compress" to compress a file into a ".Z" file
use "uncompress" to uncompress a file from a ".Z" file
use "gzip" to compress a file into a ".gz" file
use "gunzip" to uncompress a file from a ".gz" file
use "unzip" to uncompress a file from a ".zip" file
use "zcat" to uncompress and output a ".Z" file to standard output stream
use "tar" to manipulate an archive of files
use "od" to view or dump a file in various formats (octal,hex,decimal,char)
use "xd" to view or dump files in hexadecimal format
use "uuencode" to convert any file into text encoding
use "uudecode" to convert file back from text encoding
use "expand" to convert tabs to spaces
use "unexpand" to convert spaces to tabs
use "diff" to find and view changes between two text files
use "cmp" to compare any two files
use "sum" to compute and view 16-bit checksum (CRC) of a file
use "sum -s" to compute and view 16-bit checksum (CRC) of a file (alternate)
use "cksum" to compute and view 32-bit checksum (CRC) of a file
use "fold" to process files by breaking up long lines
use "date" to view the local date and time according to the local host
use "cal" to view a calendar of the current or any month or year
use "who" to see who is logged on your host and what terminal
use "w" to see who is logged on your host and what they are doing
use "finger" to view information about who is logged in or specific users
use "rusers" to view who is logged on what hosts including yourself
use "whoami" to view the current effective username 
use "quota -v" to view how much disk space you are using
use "df" to view fullness of file systems 
use "du" to view amount of space used by current directory and below
use "netstat" to view active Internet connection information
use "script" to start typescript of terminal session to a file
use "telnet" to connect to remote systems 
use "x3270" to connect to remote IBM mainframe systems under X window
use "ncftp" to get files from remote systems (better than ftp)
use "ftp" to get files from remote systems
use "kermit" to upload/download files from remote systems
use "sz" to download files from remote systems using ZMODEM protocol
use "rz" to upload files from remote systems using ZMODEM protocol
use "sb" to download files from remote systems using YMODEM protocol
use "rb" to upload files from remote systems using YMODEM protocol
use "sx" to download files from remote systems using XMODEM protocol
use "mail" to send and receive electronic mail
use "frm" to view who from and what of electronic mail 
use "nfrm" to view who from and what of new electronic mail
use "pine" to view electronic mail using full screen with menus (has MIME)
use "elm" to view electronic mail using full screen mode
use "rsh" command to automatically logon a system with a shell
use "exit" to leave a shell or shell script 
use "logout" to logout from a login shell (not in sh)
use "yppasswd" to change your password on grail and the local network
use "chsh" to change your login shell
use "chfn" to change finger information (phone# and full name)
use "stty -a" to view and set control character bindings
use "nroff" to process troff source into text output
use "col -b" to filter out control characters including backspace
use "xv" to view most graphics files in color under X window (like GIF, JPEG)
use "bitmap" to view and edit X bitmap graphics file under X window
use "gs" to view PostScript files under X window using GNU GhostScript
use "tex" to process TeX source files into DVI output
use "latex" to process LaTeX source files into DVI output
use "xdvi" to view DVI files under X window
use "dvips" to convert DVI file to PostScript (see usage message)
use "xhost" to allow display use by named remote host X window clients
use "xrdb" to set resources to allow some X window applications to run
use "units" to convert between different units of measure
use "bc" to calculate quickly unlimited precision arithmetic expressions
use "p2c" to translate Pascal programs to C
use "gcc" to compile and link C programs using (ANSI) GNU compiler
use "g++" to compile and link C++ programs using GNU compiler
use "make" to maintain, update, and regenerate groups of programs
use "gdb" to debug a program symbolically using GNU debugger
use "env" to view your environment variables
use "set" to view your shell variables (shell only)
use "var=val" to set a shell variable (sh only)
use "set var=val" to set a shell variable (not in sh)
use "unset var" to delete an shell variable (sh only)
use "setenv var val" to set an environment variable (not in sh)
use "unsetenv var" to delete an environment variable (not in sh)
use "alias" to view alternate names for commands (not in sh)
use "alias <cmd> <val>" to set a command alias (not in sh)
use "unalias" to delete an alias (not in sh)
use "strings" to view readable strings of characters in files
use "split" to split up a file into smaller pieces
use "patch" to apply patch (diff) files to update software
use "irc" to connect to an Internet Relay Chat client for online chat
use "netscape" to access WWW (World Wide Web) information using X window
use "lynx" to access WWW (World Wide Web) information using screen mode
use "talk" to online communicate with a user logged in even remotely
use "write" to send lines of text messages directly to a user logged on
use "tin" to read news groups using threaded full screen mode
use "trn -q" to read news groups listed in ~/.newsrc
use "Pnews" to post an article to news groups
use "ps aux" to view all processes in system
use "top" to view top processes in system continuously
use "fg" to bring process into foreground (not in sh)
use "bg" to bring process into background (not in sh)
use "kill" to kill one of your own processes
use "clear" to clear the terminal screen
use "xterm&" to display an X window terminal emulator
use "resize" to output command to set variables to xterm window size
use "test" to test for various conditions (don't use "test" as program name)
use "ping" to see if a host is alive and test packet transmission
~/.forward         contains addresses for sendmail to forward mail automatically
~/.cshrc           contains csh shell script commands when starting the shell
~/.plan            contains text supplied to "finger" command about the user
/bin               contains the usual common commands
/lib               contains some lib*.a and lib*.so object libraries
/usr/bin           contains the usual common commands
/usr/local/bin     contains the few local commands
/usr/X11R6/bin     contains X window system commands
/usr/include       contains the usual "C" #include header files
/usr/lib           contains some lib*.a and lib*.so object libraries
/usr/doc           contains software documentation files
/tmp               used for temporary storage of files
/var/tmp           used for temporary storage of files also